Account Servicing Payment Service Providers provide and maintain payment accounts for payment service users (PSUs). Traditionally, ASPSPs are banks and similar institutions. Under Open Banking, ASPSPs publish Read/Write APIs. These enable consumers to share their account transaction data with third-party providers; in turn third-party-providers can initiate payments on their behalf. Under PSD2, all ASPSPs in Europe are required to participate in open banking and provide access to the data.